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FOCUS ACTIVITY
Lesson Mission

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The Lesson Mission is what you (the student) will be able to do after the lesson is over.  

DIRECTIONS:  Enter today's entry into the Table of Contents of your Lesson Chronicles.  Then begin today's entry by heading your paper with your name and the date and the Lesson Title.  Write down today's mission.

The Lesson Mission for today is:

I can define Industrialization and list the major factors that led to U.S. industrialization in the Gilded Age.


TEACHING ACTIVITY
Guided Reading

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A Guided Reading is when the teacher models and explains reading skills for students before, during, and after the reading to help them better understand what they are reading.

DIRECTIONS:  Listen carefully as I demonstrate what to do before reading non-fiction texts.  Then, I will take volunteers to read today's reading.

U.S. INDUSTRIALIZATION 

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Industrialization is when the people of a nation leave farming as their major way of making money and begin producing things in factories as their major way of making money.  Before the Civil War, the United States had began industrialization but was still mostly a farming nation.  After the Civil War, however, the United States quickly began to industrialize as they focused on putting the nation back together and expanding westward.

An Abundance of Natural Resources
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Many things led to industrialization in the United States during the Gilded Age.  It began with an abundance of natural resources. America had a wealth of natural resources that provided the raw materials needed to produce things people can use. As America expanded westward, it gained more and more natural resources.  

Natural Resources are things that are found in nature that are valuable to humans.  Natural Resources led to industrialization because natural resources provided the raw materials used to build machines and factories, manufacture goods, and fuel machines that produced goods.  Raw materials are the basic materials used to build something or make a product for people to use.  The United States had vast amounts of natural resources like iron, coal, oil, and trees.  
Entrepreneurs Create Industries
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Some businessmen called entrepreneurs began mining and timber businesses, factories, and refineries to mine and harvest these natural resources and turn them into usable products. An entrepreneur is a person who starts a business and is willing to risk losing money in hopes to make money.  

Iron Ore
Many businessmen were very successful.  Some entrepreneurs mined and refined iron ore.  Iron ore was used to create steel. Steel was the a raw material used to create things like, railroad ties, bridges, and buildings that people could use.
Coal
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Entrepreneurs were also involved in the coal business.  Coal was a natural resource mined to produce energy and heat. During the first half of the 1800s, steamships and steam-powered railroads used coal to fuel their boilers.  In the second half of the 1800s, more uses for coal were found.  Coke, which is a substance made from coal, replaced charcoal as the primary fuel for iron blast furnaces to make steel.  By the 1880s coal was beginning to be used to generate electricity for homes and factories. 

Oil
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The invention of the steam engine made it possible for entrepreneurs to drill into the ground for oil.  Oil was and still is an important energy resource in the United States. In the mid 1800s, kerosene could be made from a type of oil called petroleum.  Kerosene was used to light lamps before the invention of electricity.  It was the invention of the automobile and later the airplane, however, that made the oil business so successful.  Petroleum was used to make gasoline.  The gasoline, as you know, was used to fuel automobiles and planes. 

Timber
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Some entrepreneurs were involved in the timber and lumber business.  The timber business involves cutting down trees and transporting them to mills.  The lumber industry involves using the timber as a raw material to make lumber in mills.  Lumber was a valuable resource because of its versatility.  Versatility means that one thing has many uses.  Lumber was used as an energy source to fuel the steam engines that were used on trains, steamboats, and in industry for the new machines being invented that ran on steam. Lumber was a raw material in the construction of furniture, homes, and buildings.  Lumber was also used to make paper.

A New Workforce
PictureStandard Oil Refinery
As entrepreneurs developed their businesses, they needed more people to work in the factories, mines, forests, ship yards, and refineries.  A refinery is a place where the unwanted substances in raw materials are removed.  Most men still farmed and were not confident that they could support their families by working in a factory.  So entrepreneurs looked for new groups of people to work in the factories.

Women
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When the factory system began, women were the primary workers.  Making clothes had been considered the work of women.  Wives and daughters went to work in factories to help increase their family's income.  

Children
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As machines were invented to make textile production easier, factory owners began hiring children to work the machines in factories.  Children could be paid far less than adults and could be punished easier for mistakes.  

African Americans
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Entrepreneurs also recruited many African-Americans in the South to work in the factories.  Recruit means to ask or persuade someone to join or work for a company or organization.  Many African Americans migrated or moved in large numbers, to the Northeast and the West to escape discrimination and prejudice in the South and to find more opportunities working in the factories of the North and West.

Immigrants
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African Americans were not the only ones searching for better opportunities.  People all over the world heard of the opportunities for jobs in the United States.  Many people were suffering in their own countries during this time.  So, great numbers of people from other places, mainly Europe and Asia flocked to the U.S. in search of a better life.  When a person comes to a new country to live, they are called an immigrant.  

More Workers More Demand
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Entrepreneurs had no problem finding people to work for them with all of the women, children, migrants, and immigrants who were looking for jobs.  When people began working in factories, they had no land or time to find raw materials or produce goods at home.  They needed to buy products that were already made. So, as more people joined the workforce, the demand for manufactured things increased greatly.  This demand allowed more and more factories to be built so that enough goods were available for all the people who wanted them.

Soon many entrepreneurs began to open factories that produced the same product to meet the growing demand for goods. When many entrepreneurs produced the same good, production of that good became known as an industry. 

Westward Expansion
Another factor that led to industrialization in the United States was Western Expansion.  As the United States expanded westward into new territories, it became more difficult to do business.  Americans needed a way to communicate business needs and transport people and goods quicker and easier.  
Transportation
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No other single invention or innovation helped solve transportation problems more than the railroads.  Before railroads, people could only travel in wagons or boats.  Railroads made it  possible to travel great distances much faster.  Many small railroads developed connecting one city to another, but transportation from the east to the west by railroad was not possible until the Transcontinental Railroad was completed.  

The Transcontinental Railroad
PictureThe Union Pacific & the Central Pacific meet Promontory Point in Utah
The Transcontinental Railroad was the first railroad built that connected the east coast to the west coast.  Two railroad companies worked together to build it.  The Central Pacific Railroad started in San Francisco and the Union Pacific Railroad started in Omaha, Nebraska.

Huge forces of immigrants, mainly Irish for the Union Pacific and Chinese for the Central Pacific, crossed mountains, dug tunnels and laid track. The two railroads met at Promontory Point, Utah, on May 10, 1869, and drove a last, golden spike into the completed railway.
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Railroads, especially the Transcontinental Railroad, made it possible to move raw materials in the west to factories in the east.  Railroads also made it easier for people to move and travel to the west. 
Communication
Transportation made it easier to move people and goods from east to west and vice versa, but it did not help in communicating business needs.  This changed with the invention of the electric telegraph.
The Telegraph
PictureTelegraph Machine
The electric telegraph was a machine that sent a code of long and short pulses of electric current that represented different letters over a wire. The code became known as Morse code. To send a message, an operator pressed a switch, sending a signal, which sent an electric current along a wire to the receiving machine.  The Western Union Telegraph Company was soon established and they strung wire on poles all across the nation.  

The Transatlantic Cable
PictureLaying the Transatlantic Cable
In 1866, the first Transatlantic Cable was installed. The Transatlantic Cable was a cable laid underwater in the Atlantic Ocean that allowed telegraph messages to be sent from North America to Europe.  By 1902, telegraph wires encircled the earth, and the vast majority of people had access to a telegraph office and the ability to instantly send messages around the world.

Lesson Toolbox

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Unit Resources

Unit 1 Games & Simulations
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Words to Know

Alexander Graham Bell:  inventor of the telephone who owned AT&T

Andrew Smith Hallidie: inventor of the streetcar

assembly line:  an arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers in which work passes from group to group in a line until the product is assembled

Bessemer Process was an inexpensive way of converting iron to steel by blowing oxygen on white, hot, molten iron

coal:  a natural resource mined to produce energy and heat

communication:  the process of exchanging information between people

demand:  people’s level of desire for a good; how much a person or group of people really want to buy a good

discrimination: unfair treatment of a person because he or she is different than the majority

division of labor:  organizing workers into groups who specialize in constructing only one part of the product

electric lighting system: everything used to light all the homes and buildings of a whole city, including light bulbs, wires, plugs, sockets, breakers, switches, power lines, electric generators, and power stations

electric telegraph was a machine that sent a code of long and short pulses of electric current that represented different letters over a wire

entrepreneur:  a person who starts a business and is willing to risk losing money in hopes to make money

excavating:  to uncover something by digging and removing the earth that covers it

factories: a building where goods are produced

George Pullman:  inventor of luxury railcars that led to more railway travel in the west

Gilded Age: the period of U.S. history in the late 1800’s of great change including:  settlement of the West, industrialization, urbanization, and immigration; when the U.S. developed a thriving economy; railroads and telegraphs were first built;  and there was much corruption in business and politics.

Gustavus Swift:  the cattle rancher who innovated the cattle industry and railroad shipping when he began to butcher cattle before shipping and paid for the invention of the first refrigerated railcars 

harvesting:  gathering crops and livestock to sell

Henry Ford:  the inventor of the the first mass produced automobile called the Model T and the creator of a new method of production involving interchangeable parts, division of labor, and an assembly line

immigrants:  a person who comes to a country from a foreign country to live there.

industrialization: when the people of the nation leave farming as their major way of making money and begin producing things in industries as their major way of making money

industry:  all businesses that produce the same type of good

infrastructure: the set up plans and all of the structures and parts needed for a nation, state, or city to function properly including roads, bridges, tunnels, buildings, sewer systems, and power stations

innovations are improvements on things already invented; systems developed for things already invented; or new methods for using things already invented.

interchangeable part:  one of the parts that make up a product that is produced in bulk exactly the same way and to the same specifications so that the part could be replaced easily in the event the final product breaks

internal combustion engine: an engine that generates heat inside an engine instead of in a furnace

iron ore: a mineral mined to produce steel and pig iron

kerosene: an oil used in lanterns to produce light before electricity. 

lumber:  the wooden boards processed from timber, that are used as a raw material in the production of furniture, buildings, and homes

manufacturers:  people who run factories and refineries that process raw materials or make products from raw materials

mass production is producing large amounts of one type of product by organizing workers to specialize in one task of production and passing the product down an assembly line until the product is completely assembled

migrated: when large numbers of people move from one region to another region within a nation 

Morse Code:  a code used in telegraph communication of long and short pulses of electric current that represented different letters

natural resources:  things that are found in nature that are valuable to humans

obstacles: problems that stand in the way of a person trying to accomplish something

opportunities:  a situation in which there is a chance for a person to advance or do better

Orville and Wilbur Wright:  inventors of the airplane

patent: a document that proves an invention was your idea

petroleum:  a type of oil used to produce kerosene and gasoline

prejudice: an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion, etc.

production:  making goods from raw materials that people can use

raw materials:  the basic materials used to build something or make a product for people to use

recruited:  to ask or persuade someone to join or work for a company or organization

refinery: a place where the unwanted substances in raw materials are removed

steel:  a strong, hard metal made from iron and carbon with the Bessemer Process

technology:  the use of science to invent useful things or to solve problems

Thomas Edison:  inventor of the first practical, mass produced light bulb and the electrical lighting system

timber:  trees after they are cut down but before they are processed into lumber

time zones: a region where the same time is used depending on the time the sun rises and sets

Transatlantic Cable: a cable laid underwater in the Atlantic Ocean that allowed telegraph messages to be sent from North America to Europe

Transcontinental Railroad:   first railroad that connected the east coast and the west coast in the U.S.

transportation:  any way of traveling or moving people and goods from one place to another

versatility: one thing that has many uses

Westward Expansion:  the period of U.S. history when people moved to the western portion of the United States
The Telephone
PictureAlexander Graham Bell makes the first phone call.
The electric telegraph would become a thing of the past soon after March 10, 1876, when the first telephone call was made by its inventor, Alexander Graham Bell.  It would not be long before many people bought telephones and Bell’s invention would become a household item. Alexander Graham Bell began a telephone company called Bell Telephone Company.  Today, you know this company as American Telephone and Telegraph Company or AT & T. 

Westward Expansion helped to bring about industrialization because it opened up land to harvest and excavate natural resources and also to establish industries.  It was however, the advancements in transportation and communication that occurred during Westward Expansion that allowed U.S. industrialization to occur so quickly.
New Technology
Technology is the use of science to invent useful things or to solve problems.  It was new technology in the form of new inventions and innovations that allowed the U.S. to run industries and convert natural resources into products that people could use.  Innovations are new ideas, improvements, or ways of doing things.  Many new inventions and innovations were introduced in the late 1800s and early 1900s.  These technologies paved the way for U.S. industrialization.
Technology that Advanced Manufacturing
Steel
PictureThe Bessemer Process
One of the most important innovations that contributed to industrialization was the Bessemer Process.  The Bessemer Process was a way of transforming iron into steel by blowing oxygen on iron when it was white, molten hot.  It may not seem like this was an important discovery but the Bessemer Process changed everything.  Before, the process was discovered, steel was a very expensive metal.  It had to be made by artisans and took a long time to make.  The Bessemer Process was very quick, easy process, that allowed mass production of steel.  Mass production is producing large amounts of one type of product quickly.  Steel was stronger, lighter, slower to rust, and easier to work with than iron.  So steel replaced iron in constructing things like railways, railcars, cars, planes, pipes, bridges, and buildings.  Not only did it change the way things were built, but it also created a brand new industry - the steel industry.

Internal Combustion Engine
Another invention that contributed to industrialization was the internal combustion engine.  An internal combustion engine is any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine. Without this invention, we would not have automobiles or airplanes.
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Internal Combustion Engine at Work
Changes in Production
PictureHenry Ford and the Model T
The most important contribution to the way goods were manufactured by created by Henry Ford.  Though Ford did not invent any of the techniques used in his system of production, we was the first to bring together many different people's ideas to make production more efficient than ever before.  First, Ford decided to produce and use interchangeable parts.  Ford's car, the Model T was the first car to have interchangeable parts.  This meant that every Model T made used the exact same parts.  By using interchangeable parts, cars could be assembled quickly and replaced if broken.  

PictureAutomobile Interchangeable Parts
Secondly, Ford determined that it took 84 steps to create a Model T.  So he organized his workers into groups.  Each group would only perform one step.  They were to perform their assigned step over and over.  This was called division of labor.   

The first group performed the first step in building the car.  When they finished, the portion of the car that they completed, was sent down a chain conveyor belt to the second group.  The workers of each group would assemble their portion of the car and send their work down the conveyor belt to the next group until the car was complete.  This was called an assembly line.  A separate group of workers brought more parts to groups when they would get low to reduce the amount of time workers spent away from their stations.

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Interchangeable parts, division of labor, and the assembly line revolutionized production when industries adopted Ford's system.  Ford's system of mass production allowed industries to put out much higher amounts of a product, quicker, and at a lower cost.
Technology that Advanced Transportation
New Ways to Travel
PictureHallidie's Streetcar
The internal combustion engine and changes of production helped other forms of transportation to develop as well.  On January 17, 1871, Andrew Smith Hallidie patented the first cable car.  On September 1, 1897, Boston completed its first subway, the Tremont Street Subway.  On December 17, 1903, two brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the first manned airplane.  

Changes in Railroad Transportation
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New inventions and innovations in railroad travel contributed further to industrialization with the invention of refrigerated railcars, the Pullman Sleeper Car,  and the creation of time zones.
In 1878, cattle dealer Gustavus Swift had problems delivering live cattle to the East.  Swift not only transformed the beef industry but the railroad industry when he decided to slaughter and butcher the cattle before transporting it to the east.   Swift hired Andrew Chase to design a refrigerated railroad car to ship the beef. Chase eventually created refrigeration for ships and planes that allowed Swift to sell his product over seas.
PicturePullman Sleeper Car


In 1867, George M. Pullman created  luxury passenger cars for trains.  As new technology developed, he integrated anything that would provide more comfort to his passengers into his railcars.  Over time his cars came to have chandeliers with electric lighting, leather seating, food and beverage service, and advanced heating and air conditioning systems.  His railcars encouraged more people to travel west to live, vacation, and do business.

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Time Zones
When national railways were built, local towns decided what time it was based on the sun, so the  official time changed from city to city.  This was a problem for trains that had to run on a schedule because the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.  This causes it to be darker in the east before it gets darker in the west, even though it is the same time in both places. 
The nation solved the problem in 1883 by creating time zones.  A time zone is a region that sets its time the same because it experiences the sun in the sky the same way.  Time zones are the reason that at the exact same moment in time it is 8:00 A.M. in Birmingham, Alabama but 6:00 A.M. in Los Angeles, California.
Technology that Created New Industries
Electric Lighting
One invention that changed industry and life in general all over the word was the electric light.  Many people give credit to Thomas Edison for inventing the electric light.  Edison did not invent it.  He innovated it.  He made it better by making changes to it.  
In Edison's time, electric lights were expensive, dangerous and did not last very long, so many people didn't want them inside their houses.  Edison innovated the electric light by changing the way the light bulb was produced and the way it worked.  Edison created a bulb that would not shine so brightly so it was not nearly as dangerous.  It also lasted a lot longer. 
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Thomas Edison
The most important innovation was in the materials he used.  The materials were very inexpensive making it easy and cheap to manufacture.  Edison not only opened up electric lighting to the middle class and poor, but it was the beginning of Edison's most important innovation, the electric lighting system!
The light bulb was a break through in modern technology during Edison's time, but it was Edison’s system of electric lighting that changed everyday life for people all over the world.  Edison figured out how to create an infrastructure for lighting buildings and homes in whole towns.   Infrastructure is the basic parts and equipment that are needed for a service to function properly in a city or region.  
PictureEdison's Electric Power System

Edison was able to create electric lighting for whole towns by using light bulbs, electricity generators, wires to get the electricity from the power station to the homes, plugs for lamps, wall sockets, switches for the light bulbs, and many other things.   Edison’s first electric lighting infrastructure was the Pearl Street Station in New York City’s financial district.  It sent electricity to lights in 25 buildings on September 4, 1882.

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During the Gilded Age, several factors came together that resulted in U.S. industrialization.  First, an abundance of natural resources provided the raw materials to produce goods.  Entrepreneurs took a risk and created industries to find natural resources to transform into goods that people could use.  When entrepreneurs could not get men to work in industries, they recruited women, children, African Americans, and foreigners to work in their factories.  Meanwhile, the United States expanded westward into new territories creating the need for faster and easier modes of communication and transportation.  The Transcontinental Railroad and the telephone helped improve business between the east and west.  Finally, new technology provided improvements in the way goods were produced, transported, and distributed.  

Industrialization was the first major event of the Gilded Age.   Just as factors led to industrialization, industrialization led to other events in the Gilded Age.  Industrialization led to immigration, urbanization, big business, labor disputes, Native American genocide, political corruption, Populism, and Imperialism.  These will be the next topics of the Gilded Age we discuss.

WHOLE GROUP ACTIVITY
Analyzing Concept Maps

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Concept Maps are when you categorize the main ideas and important details of a reading into groups and subgroups to understand how important details come together to make a main idea. 

DIRECTIONS:  Look at the concept map of the reading below.  You may have to zoom in and scroll around to read everything.  What relationships do you see in the reading and the concept map?  How did I choose what to put in the concept map?  Why did I put these things in the concept map?

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SMALL GROUP ACTIVITY
Making Concept Maps

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Making your own concept map shows your understanding of a topic by drawing how you formed your ideas and made connections with a reading.  There are many types of concept maps.  Some include:  hierarchies, chains of events, cause and events, similarities and differences, etc....  

DIRECTIONS:  As a small group, refer to the concept map and discuss the following question.  Be ready to share what your group discussed with the whole group.


 What other ways could you construct this concept map to show the same thing?

INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
Lesson Chronicles

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A Lesson Chronicles Activity is an individual activity where you prove that you accomplished the lesson mission.  Lesson Chronicles require you to keep a notebook or journal with a table of contents.  Each entry should be dated.  First, you write the lesson mission.  Then you prove you "can do" whatever the mission says by answering the essential question of the lesson in PQA format.  Remember PQA format means "Put the Question in the Answer". 

DIRECTIONS: Below you will see today's lesson added to the Lesson Chronicles' Table of Contents and today's entry set up in PQA format.   Work by yourself to prove you have completed today's mission successfully by answering the following question using what you learned today.

What is Industrialization and what are the major factors that led to U.S. industrialization in the Gilded Age?
                                       Lesson Chronicles Table of Contents

1.  Unit 1:  The Gilded Age
2.  Topic 1:  Industrialization







Name                                                                                                                     Date

                                              Topic 1:  Industrialization

Lesson Mission: I can define Industrialization and list the major factors that led to U.S. industrialization in the Gilded Age.


Industrialization is __________________________________________________________________.  The major factors that led to industrialization in the United States were _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

HOMEWORK
Family Time

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Remember, you have homework every night in Social Studies.  Your homework is to show your Lesson Chronicles to your family and tell them what you learned today.  Not only will this give you quality time with your family but it will help you review for your unit test.  


END OF TOPIC 1 MODULE

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Congratulations!  You have completed Topic 1 Module!





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