Kaitchkona Winema
Kaitchkona Winema was born in the spring of 1848. She received her name, Kaitchkona Winenta, meaning "The Strong Hearted Woman," or less accurately, "The Little Woman Chief” because as a child, she guided a canoe safely through the rapids of Link River. After she grew up she became the wife of Frank Riddle, a miner from Kentucky. Her people hated her for marrying a white man. Only her brother Kintpuash and a warrior named Scarface Charlie remained loyal to her. Following her marriage Wenema became known to Whites as Toby Riddle.
The 1860's saw growing friction between the Modoc people and the White settlers moving into northern California. Winema served as an interpreter with her husband in the negotiations between the government and the Modoc which shortly led to the removal of the Indians to a reservation in Oregon.
Many of the Modoc people never agreed willingly to this move, and Kintpuash and a group of followers frequently left the reservation to return to their traditional homelands. When they were finally pursued by government forces in an effort to round up the band and end Native American resistance, they fled to the nearby lava beds.
Winema tried to act as a peacemaker between the warring parties, since she was trusted by both sides, and was fluent in Modoc and English. In February 1873, a peace commission attempted to resolve the situation and Winema was able to persuade Kintpuash to meet with them. However, other Modoc opposed the move, and convinced Kintpuash that the leader of the delegation, General Edward Canby, could not be trusted and must be killed.
Winema learned of the plot, and warned Canby, but he decided to go ahead with the peace talks. On April 11, 1873, Kintpuash and several warriors attacked the camp, and killed Canby and another commissioner, Eleazar Thomas. A third commissioner, Albert Meacham, was badly injured, but Winema intervened and saved his life.
With these murders, all-out war began, and although the Modoc held off the vastly superior Army forces for many months, they were finally defeated.
Kintpuash and five other leaders were tried, convicted, and executed.
Meacham, still a champion for the Indian position in spite of the attack upon him, took the story East in the form of a lecture-play entitled Winema. This play told of the Modoc War and reasons which led to the uprising. The troupe included Winema, Frank Riddle, and their son Jeff, and several other Modoc participants and toured during 1874 - 1881.
Following the successful tour of the group, Winema returned to Oregon where she lived quietly for many years. She died on the reservation on May 30, 1932, and was buried in the Modoc Cemetery. The Winema National Forest is named for her.
The 1860's saw growing friction between the Modoc people and the White settlers moving into northern California. Winema served as an interpreter with her husband in the negotiations between the government and the Modoc which shortly led to the removal of the Indians to a reservation in Oregon.
Many of the Modoc people never agreed willingly to this move, and Kintpuash and a group of followers frequently left the reservation to return to their traditional homelands. When they were finally pursued by government forces in an effort to round up the band and end Native American resistance, they fled to the nearby lava beds.
Winema tried to act as a peacemaker between the warring parties, since she was trusted by both sides, and was fluent in Modoc and English. In February 1873, a peace commission attempted to resolve the situation and Winema was able to persuade Kintpuash to meet with them. However, other Modoc opposed the move, and convinced Kintpuash that the leader of the delegation, General Edward Canby, could not be trusted and must be killed.
Winema learned of the plot, and warned Canby, but he decided to go ahead with the peace talks. On April 11, 1873, Kintpuash and several warriors attacked the camp, and killed Canby and another commissioner, Eleazar Thomas. A third commissioner, Albert Meacham, was badly injured, but Winema intervened and saved his life.
With these murders, all-out war began, and although the Modoc held off the vastly superior Army forces for many months, they were finally defeated.
Kintpuash and five other leaders were tried, convicted, and executed.
Meacham, still a champion for the Indian position in spite of the attack upon him, took the story East in the form of a lecture-play entitled Winema. This play told of the Modoc War and reasons which led to the uprising. The troupe included Winema, Frank Riddle, and their son Jeff, and several other Modoc participants and toured during 1874 - 1881.
Following the successful tour of the group, Winema returned to Oregon where she lived quietly for many years. She died on the reservation on May 30, 1932, and was buried in the Modoc Cemetery. The Winema National Forest is named for her.